Pharmacology and toxicology as a course focus on the study of drugs, their effects on biological systems, and the harmful effects of chemicals on living organisms. It combines principles of biology, chemistry, and medicine to understand how drugs interact with the body, how they can be used to treat diseases, and how they may cause adverse effects. The course covers topics such as drug classification, mechanisms of action, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It also explores the toxicity of substances, including environmental toxins, poisons, and drug overdoses, as well as methods of assessing and mitigating their risks. Students learn about therapeutic applications, regulatory guidelines, and the development of new drugs. Practical aspects include laboratory techniques, clinical trials, and case studies to understand drug safety and efficacy. The course prepares students for careers in medicine, pharmacy, research, and regulatory agencies by providing a strong foundation in drug development and safety assessment.